The Métis are one of the three distinct Indigenous groups recognized in Canada, alongside First Nations and Inuit peoples. The term “Métis” specifically refers to a group of people who emerged as a distinct nation in the 18th and 19th centuries, primarily in the Red River region (modern-day Manitoba) and the surrounding areas. They are the descendants of European settlers (primarily French, Scottish, and English fur traders) and Indigenous women (often Cree, Ojibwe, and other Plains tribes). The Métis have their own unique culture, language, and traditions, which evolved from both their European and Indigenous ancestry.

Métis vs. métis

It is important to distinguish between the capitalized “Métis” and the lowercase “métis.” “Métis” with a capital “M” refers to the distinct Métis Nation, which is recognized in Canadian law as an Indigenous people with a unique history, culture, and rights. They are primarily descendants of the original Red River Métis and have their own self-governance, communities, and political representation through organizations such as the Métis National Council.

On the other hand, “métis” with a lowercase “m” refers more generally to people of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry, but who do not necessarily belong to the recognized Métis Nation. These individuals may have similar cultural backgrounds, but they are not recognized as part of the Métis Nation unless they meet certain criteria for membership.

What Constitutes Métis Peoples Today?

Today, the Métis people are recognized as a distinct Indigenous group under Section 35 of the Canadian Constitution Act, 1982. To be considered Métis, individuals typically need to meet the following criteria:

1. Self-identification as Métis.
2. Ancestral connection to the historic Métis Nation (typically from the Red River region or other established Métis communities).
3. Recognition by the Métis community. Many Métis individuals belong to provincial Métis organizations, such as the Métis Nation–Saskatchewan or the Métis Nation of Alberta, which govern membership and advocate for Métis rights.

The Métis people today maintain a vibrant culture, which includes the use of the Michif language, Métis jigging and fiddling, traditional crafts, and a strong sense of identity rooted in their unique history.

Sources:

• Métis National Council: www.metisnation.ca
• Government of Canada, Indigenous Peoples: Métis
• “Métis Identity” (Canadian Encyclopedia)